|
An Indian reservation is a legal designation for an area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the US Bureau of Indian Affairs, rather than the state governments of the United States in which they are physically located. Each of the 326〔 Indian reservations in the United States are associated with a particular Nation. Not all of the country's 567〔(Federal Register, Volume 80, Number 9 dated January 14, 2015 )〕〔(Federal Acknowledgment of the Pamunkey Indian Tribe )〕 recognized tribes have a reservation—some tribes have more than one reservation, some share reservations, while others have none. In addition, because of past land allotments, leading to some sales to non-Indians, some reservations are severely fragmented, with each piece of tribal, individual, and privately held land being a separate enclave. This jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political, and legal difficulties.〔Sutton, 199.〕 The collective geographical area of all reservations is ,〔 approximately the size of Idaho. While most reservations are small compared to US states, there are twelve Indian reservations larger than the state of Rhode Island. The largest reservation, the Navajo Nation Reservation, is similar in size to West Virginia. Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country; the majority are west of the Mississippi River and occupy lands that were first reserved by treaty or 'granted' from the public domain.〔Kinney, 1937; Sutton,1975〕 Because tribes possess tribal sovereignty, even though it is limited, laws on tribal lands vary from the surrounding area.〔Davies & Clow; Sutton 1991.〕 These laws can permit legal casinos on reservations, for example, which attract tourists. The tribal council, not the local or federal government, generally has jurisdiction over reservations. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation. Most Indian reservations were established by the federal government; a limited number, mainly in the East, owe their origin to state recognition.〔For general data, see Tiller (1996).〕 The name "reservation" comes from the conception of the Indian tribes as independent sovereigns at the time the U.S. Constitution was ratified. Thus, the early peace treaties (often signed under duress) in which Indian tribes surrendered large portions of land to the U.S. also designated parcels which the tribes, as sovereigns, "reserved" to themselves, and those parcels came to be called "reservations."〔See, e.g., ''United States v. Dion'', ; ''Francis v. Francis'', .〕 The term remained in use even after the federal government began to forcibly relocate tribes to parcels of land to which they had no historical connection. A majority of Native Americans and Alaska Natives live somewhere other than the reservations, often in big western cities such as Phoenix and Los Angeles.〔For Los Angeles, see Allen, J. P. and E. Turner, 2002. Text and map of the metropolitan area show the widespread urban distribution of California and other Indians.〕 In 2012, there were over 2.5 million Native Americans with about 1 million living on reservations.〔"(US should return stolen land to Indian tribes, says United Nations )". ''The Guardian''. May 4, 2012.〕 ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「indian reservation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|